Notes for Lessons
30-40

CONTENTS:

I. Suffixes
II. Bases:
	a) Notes on Forms
	b) Notes on Meanings
	c) Look-alikes

I. Suffixes:

All the suffixes in lessons 31-33 are NOUN FORMING.

In Lesson 31 there are two suffixes that play
similar roles and have identical definitions:

	-ity (quality of, state of)
	-itude (quality of, state of)

These two suffixes are de-adjectival, that is, they
take adjectival (descriptive) concepts and turn
them into nouns:

	BREV (short) + ity = BREVITY (the quality of being short)
	FUSC (dark) + itude = FUSCITUDE (the quality of being
		dark)

There is a native English suffix which performs exactly the same
function, namely "-ness".  You can interpret many words using
-ity and -itude by substituting -ness for the suffix:
	
	BREVITY = short-ness
	FUSCITUDE = dark-ness

This doesn't work with every example of these suffixes, however. 
Consider the famous words:

	GRAV-ity
	LONG-itude
	LAT-itude:

These words should mean (and occasionally do still mean) "heavi-ness", 
"long-ness" (length), and "wide-ness" (width), but their most common
meanings have developed into something new.

The rest of the suffixes in 31 and 32 are DEVERBATIVE:  they
take verbal ideas and turn them into nouns.  Hence their 
definitions often involve the word "act" (the act of, the result of 
the act of, etc.).  These suffixes include some of the most popular
ones, such as 

	-ion

Which occurs in thousands of words, such as:

	SECT-ion (result of the act of cutting)
	con-CUSS-ion (result of the act of a thorough shaking)
	in-CIS-ion (act or result of the act of cutting into)

Very frequently, however, this suffix appears in combination with 
the verb-forming suffix "-ate" or "-ite"; when it does so the "e" 
the first suffix disappears, leaving you with something that might be
difficult to recognize at first glance:

	PARTITION (PART-it(e)-ion)
	PREDATION (PRED-at(e)-ion)

Learn to recognize "-ation" and "-ition" as a combination of these
two suffixes

Another very popular deverbative suffix is "-ure", meaning "act of"
or "result of the act of":

	PUNCT-ure: result of the act of piercing
	JUNCT-ure: act of, or result of joining
	RUPT-ure: act of, or result of the act of breaking

The deverbative suffix "-or" appears in both lessons 31 and 32, 
first time as an agent suffix, with the specialized meaning "one who"
or "that which"; then as a more general deverbative meaning "state of"
or "result of the act of".  You will have to be prepared for either 
meaning:

	TRACT-or: that which drags
	MOT-or: that which moves
	in-CIS-or: that which cuts into

	RIG-or: the state of being stiff
	PALL-or: the state of being pale
	VAL-or: the state of being strong

	TUM-or: that which swells? or the result of the act of 
		swelling?

In Lesson 33 you are given a large set of suffixes all of which
mean "result of" or "means of" or (sometimes) "place for".  Carefully
note which forms occur in the middles of words (-cul-, -min-, etc), 
and which at the ends (-cle, -culum, -bula, etc.).  As with the
diminutive suffixes, be prepeared for alternation between different
forms in different derivatives:

	SPECT-acle: means of looking

	SPECT-acul-ar: pertaining to seeing or a sight

Also, like the diminutives, suffixes ending in -um or -a will
lose that ending when followed by other elements:

	inFUND-ibulum: a funnel (means of pouring in)

	inFUND-ibul-ar: pertaining to the preceding...

Finally in Lesson 34, you see the only verb-forming suffixes in the
Latin part of the course.  Of these, two (-igate and -esce) are
comparitively rare.  Here are some examples of both:

	FUM-igate: to treat with fumes or smoke
	VARI-egate: to make varied
	NAV-igate: to drive (pilot) a ship

	LIQU-esce: to become liquid
	efFERV-esce: to begin to boil or bubble

The third verb-forming suffix, -fy, is extremely common and
productive.  As the small print in the book says, it is 
actually a form of the verbal base FIC- (to make, to do), and this 
is important to remember in understanding the variation in 
certain derivatives:

	LIQUe-fy: to make liquid
	LIQUe-FACT-ion: the act of making liquid

	VITRi-fy: to turn to glass
	VITRi-FIC-ation: the act of turning to glass

BASES

a) Notes on Forms:

Watch out for the following bases, which can sometimes appear to
be almost swallowed up by other elements:

	FA- (to speak):

		INFANT (in-FA-(a)nt): orignially "one who 
			does not speak"
		INEFFABLE (in-ef-FA-(a)ble): "incapable of
			being expressed (spoken out)" 

	I(T) (to go):

		TRANSIENT (trans-I-ent): "passing through, 
			temporary" (compare transITion)

		AMBIENT (amb-I-ent): "going around,
			surrounding" 

	STA(T) (to STAND)

		DISTANT (di-STA-(a)nt): "standing apart"

		related to this word is a very common
		word in anatomy:

		DISTAL (di-STA-(a)l): "standing apart,
			or located farthest from the
			mid-line of the body or the
			point of attachment of a limb"


		("distal" is the opposite of "proximal" in
		anatomy.  Your hand is at the "distal" end of
		your arm.  Your shoulder is at the proximal
		end)

		From distal you also get a series of words
		in which the STA- base is even harder to 
		spot:

		DISTOLABIAL (di-ST(a)-o-LABI-al): pertaining to
		the distal and labial surfaces (of teeth)

		DISTODORSAD (di-ST(a)-o-DORS-ad): running
		toward the back and distal portion of the 
		body.


b) NOTES ON MEANINGS:

CERVIC- (neck):  can refer to the neck that holds your head up,
	but just as often refers to the "cervix", i.e. the "neck"
	of the uterus:

	CERVICAL vertebrae: vertebrae of the neck

	CERVICAL cancer: cancer of the cervix

	Recall the same double-meaning for the Greek base
		TRACHEL-

INCUD- (anvil): almost always refers not to any old anvil, but to 
	the "anvil bone" which is one of the auditory ossicles (one
	of the small bones within the ear.  The three auditory
	ossicles are the

		STAPES (stirrup-bone)
		MALLEUS (hammer-bone)
		INCUS (anvil-bone)

		INCUD-ECTOMY (surgical removal of the incus)

MALLE- (hammer): also often refers to the auditory ossicle:

		MALLECTOMY (surgical removal of the malleus)

	but can also refer to actual hammers or hammering:

		MALLEABLE (capable of being shaped (by
			hammering, originally))

LUTE- (yellow, "corpus luteum")

	This base can mean simply "yellow" as in

		LUTEoFUSCous: having a dark-yellow colour

		LUTE-in: a chemical that produces yellow
				colouring

	But far more frequently refers to the "corpus luteum".
	"corpus luteum" means "yellow body" in Latin, and refers to
	a mass of yellowish tissue that forms in the ovary after 
	ovulation.  The corpus luteum forms at
	the site where the ovary follicle bursts releasing the
	ovum.  Upon formation it begins to secrete the hormone
	progesterone, which helps the body get ready for 
	pregnancy.

		LUTEINIZATION is the formation of the corpus
			luteum

		the LUTEAL PHASE of pregnancy is the phase
			initiated by the formation of the 
			corpus luteum
		a LUTEOMA is a tumour composed of tissue
			similar to that of the corpus
			luteum


c) LOOK ALIKES:

PAT- to lie open (PAT-ent: obvious), vs.
PATI- to suffer (PATI-ent: enduring, or one who suffers), vs.
PAR- equal (PAR-ity: equality), vs.
PAR-, PART- to give birth (primiPARa: one who has given birth for the
	first time, post PARTum: after childbirth), vs.
PART- part, to divide (PART-ition: result of the act of dividing), vs.
PARIET- wall (PARIET-al: pertaining to or serving as a wall)

CRET-, CRE(SC)- to grow (con-CRETe, ac-CRET-ion), vs.
CRET-, CERN- to separate, distinguish secrete (se-CRETe, 
		dis-CRET-ion)


LAT- to carry (re-LAT-ive, col-LATe)
LAT- wide (LAT-itude, LAT-i-ROSTR-al)

LEV- left (hand): (LEVoDUCT-ion: a tendency to be drawn toward
	the left; ambi-LEV-ous: the opposite of ambi-DEXTR-ous), vs.
LEV- light (in weight) (LEV-ity: lightness, frivolity)

FERR- iron (FERR-ous), vs.
FER- to carry (af-FER-ent)

CALCAR- bone spur (CALCAR-ectomy), vs.
CALC- pebble, limestone (CALCACEOUS, CALCULUS), vs.
CALC(ANE)- heel (CALCANEus)

CLAV-club (CLAVI-form: club-shaped; CLAVi-CORN: having club-shaped
		horns), vs.
CLAV- key, collarbone (conCLAVe: a closed meeting; CLAV-icle: the
		collarbone; subCLAVian: located beneath the collar-
		bone

ILE- ileum (portion of the small intestine: ILE-itis)
ILI- hip (ILI-o-COSTal: pertaining to the hips and the ribs)

CAN-, CAND- white, gray (CAN-esc-ent: becoming gray), vs.
CAN- dog (CANIPHOBIA, CANIFORM)

FRUTIC- shrub (FRUTICICOLOUS: dwelling in shrubs; FRUTICOSE: shrubby)
FRUCT- fruit (FRUCTIVOROUS: eating fruit; FRUCTOSE: fruit sugar)